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Transcriptor

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the first step in gene expression, see <a href="Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">Transcription (genetics)</a>.</div>

A transcriptor is a <a href="Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a>-like device composed of <a href="DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> rather than a <a href="Semiconducting_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconducting material">semiconducting material</a> such as <a href="Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>. Prior to its invention in 2013, the transcriptor was considered an important component to build <a href="Biocomputer" class="mw-redirect" title="Biocomputer">biological computers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Extreme-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

To function, a modern <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> needs three different capabilities: It must be able to <a href="Data_storage_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Data storage device">store information</a>, transmit information between components, and possess a basic <a href="Logic_family" title="Logic family">system of logic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IO9-2">[2]</a> Prior to March 2013, scientists had successfully demonstrated the ability to store and transmit data using biological components made of proteins and <a href="DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IO9-2">[2]</a> Simple two-terminal <a href="Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">logic gates</a> had been demonstrated, but required multiple layers of inputs and thus were impractical due to scaling difficulties.<a href="#cite_note-paper-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invention_and_description">Invention and description</h2></div>

On March 28, 2013, a team of <a href="Bioengineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioengineer">bioengineers</a> from <a href="Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> led by <a href="Drew_Endy" title="Drew Endy">Drew Endy</a> announced that they had created the biological equivalent of a transistor, which they named a "transcriptor". That is, they created a three-terminal device with a logic system that can control other components.<a href="#cite_note-IO9-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-paper-3">[3]</a> The transcriptor regulates the flow of <a href="RNA_polymerase" title="RNA polymerase">RNA polymerase</a> across a strand of DNA using special combinations of enzymes to control movement.<a href="#cite_note-Extreme-1">[1]</a> According to project member Jerome Bonnet, "The choice of enzymes is important. We have been careful to select enzymes that function in bacteria, fungi, plants and animals, so that bio-computers can be engineered within a variety of organisms."<a href="#cite_note-Extreme-1">[1]</a>

Transcriptors can replicate traditional <a href="AND_gate" title="AND gate">AND</a>, <a href="OR_gate" title="OR gate">OR</a>, <a href="NOR_gate" title="NOR gate">NOR</a>, <a href="NAND_gate" title="NAND gate">NAND</a>, <a href="XOR_gate" title="XOR gate">XOR</a>, and <a href="XNOR_gate" title="XNOR gate">XNOR gates</a> with equivalents, which Endy dubbed "Boolean Integrase Logic (BIL) gates", in a single-layer process (i.e., without requiring multiple instances of the simpler gates to build up more complex ones).<a href="#cite_note-IO9-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-paper-3">[3]</a> Like a traditional transistor, a transcriptor can amplify an input signal.<a href="#cite_note-Extreme-1">[1]</a> A group of transcriptors can do almost any type of computing, including counting and comparison.<a href="#cite_note-IO9-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SJMN-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2></div>

Stanford dedicated the BIL gate's design to the <a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>, which may speed its adoption.<a href="#cite_note-Extreme-1">[1]</a> According to Endy, other researchers were already using the gates to reprogram <a href="Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> when the Stanford team published its research.<a href="#cite_note-SJMN-4">[4]</a>

Computing by transcriptor is still very slow; it can take a few hours between receiving an input signal and generating an output.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Endy doubted that biocomputers would ever be as fast as traditional computers, but added that is not the goal of his research. "We're building computers that will operate in a place where your cellphone isn't going to work", he said.<a href="#cite_note-IO9-2">[2]</a> Medical devices with built-in biological computers could monitor, or even alter, cell behavior from inside a patient's body.<a href="#cite_note-Extreme-1">[1]</a> <a href="ExtremeTech" title="ExtremeTech">ExtremeTech</a> writes:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Moving forward, though, the potential for real biological computers is immense. We are essentially talking about fully-functional computers that can sense their surroundings, and then manipulate their host cells into doing just about anything. Biological computers might be used as an early-warning system for disease, or simply as a diagnostic tool ... Biological computers could tell their host cells to stop producing insulin, to pump out more adrenaline, to reproduce some healthy cells to combat disease, or to stop reproducing if cancer is detected. Biological computers will probably obviate the use of many pharmaceutical drugs.<a href="#cite_note-Extreme-1">[1]</a></blockquote>

<a href="University_of_California%2C_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a> biochemical engineer <a href="Jay_Keasling" title="Jay Keasling">Jay Keasling</a> said the transcriptor "clearly demonstrates the power of synthetic biology and could revolutionize how we compute in the future".<a href="#cite_note-SJMN-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFSebastein_Anthony2013" class="citation news cs1">Sebastein Anthony (March 29, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/152074-stanford-creates-biological-transistors-the-final-step-towards-computers-inside-living-cells">"Stanford creates biological transistors, the final step towards computers inside living cells"</a>. Extreme Tech. Retrieved March 29, 2013.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-IO9-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IO9_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IO9_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IO9_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IO9_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IO9_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IO9_2-5">f</a> <cite id="CITEREFRobert_T._Gonzalez2013" class="citation news cs1">Robert T. Gonzalez (March 29, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://io9.com/this-new-discovery-will-finally-allow-us-to-build-biolo-462867996">"This new discovery will finally allow us to build biological computers"</a>. IO9. Retrieved March 29, 2013.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-paper-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paper_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-paper_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-paper_3-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFJerome_BonnetPeter_YinMonica_E._OrtizPakpoom_Subsoontorn2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jerome Bonnet; Peter Yin; Monica E. Ortiz; Pakpoom Subsoontorn; Drew Endy (March 28, 2013). "Amplifying Genetic Logic Gates". Science. 340 (6132): 599–603. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...340..599B">2013Sci...340..599B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1232758">10.1126/science.1232758</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23539178">23539178</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206546590">206546590</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-SJMN-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SJMN_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SJMN_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SJMN_4-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFLisa_M._Krieger2013" class="citation news cs1">Lisa M. Krieger (March 29, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_22898974/biological-computer-created-at-stanford">"Biological computer created at Stanford"</a>. San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved March 29, 2013.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKatherine_Bourzac2013" class="citation news cs1">Katherine Bourzac (March 28, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2013/03/28/computer-from-living-cell/">"How to Make a Computer From a Living Cell"</a>. MIT Technology Review. Mashable. Retrieved March 30, 2013.</cite>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFJerome_BonnetPeter_YinMonica_E._OrtizPakpoom_Subsoontorn2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jerome Bonnet; Peter Yin; Monica E. Ortiz; Pakpoom Subsoontorn; Drew Endy (March 28, 2013). "Amplifying Genetic Logic Gates". Science. 340 (6132): 599–603. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...340..599B">2013Sci...340..599B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1232758">10.1126/science.1232758</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23539178">23539178</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206546590">206546590</a>.</cite> - original journal article, published in <a href="Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahYZBeP_r5U">Explanatory video</a> created by Drew Endy</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2013/03/29/175604770/tiny-dna-switches-aim-to-revolutionize-cellular-computing">NPR article</a> with series of moving pictures that explain how the transcriptor works</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biobricks.org/bpa/contributions/57/">Public domain release</a> of the BIL gates technology</li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2020-10-17" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Transcriptor&oldid=983954765">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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